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On the other hand, an allergic reaction is often caused by IgE ( 2).

food additives, including certain preservatives and artificial colorsįood sensitivity tests typically check how your immune system responds to different types of food.Ī food sensitivity is driven by cell-mediated reactions and antibodies such as IgG, IgM, and IgA.

fructose, a type of sugar found in fruits.

Some other common sources of food intolerance are ( 14): This occurs when your body doesn’t make enough lactase, which is the enzyme used to break down lactose into the simple sugars glucose and galactose ( 13). This is often due to a lack of certain enzymes required to break it down ( 12).įor example, lactose intolerance is a common food intolerance characterized by the inability to digest milk or dairy products, resulting in digestive issues like gas and bloating ( 13). Unlike a food allergy or a food sensitivity, a food intolerance doesn’t involve the immune system.įood intolerances affect up to 20% of the population and occur when your body cannot digest a specific food. Though it’s possible to be allergic to a variety of foods, the following foods account for about 90% of food allergies ( 11): Severe food allergies can also cause anaphylaxis, a very serious allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention ( 10).

However, some types of food allergies may be caused by other types of immune reactions as well ( 7, 8).įood allergies often cause symptoms such as digestive issues, hives, and swelling, which can occur within minutes of consuming an allergen ( 9). Many food allergies are mediated by increased production of an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE).

Food allergyĪ food allergy is a type of immune response triggered by the proteins found in a specific food ( 7). Though more studies are needed on food sensitivities, research suggests that some people may be sensitive to other foods, including nightshade vegetables and lectins - a type of proteins found in many plant foods, such as legumes ( 4, 5, 6).

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Unlike food allergies, food sensitivities are not life threatening, but they can cause unpleasant symptoms.įor example, non-celiac gluten sensitivity - a food sensitivity triggered by a type of protein found in wheat, barley, and rye - has been linked to symptoms such as bloating, stomach pain, brain fog, depression, and skin inflammation ( 3). Similar to food allergies, food sensitivities are believed to be caused by an immune reaction driven by antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA), along with other cell-mediated reactions in the body ( 1, 2). Food sensitivityĪ food sensitivity occurs when your immune system reacts to a specific food, causing a variety of adverse symptoms. Though many people use the terms “food sensitivity,” “food allergy,” and “food intolerance” interchangeably, there are several important differences among them.